Porter Essay Example for Free

Porter Essay Porters Five Forces Analysis Threat of New Entry There are many companies manufacturing and selling office products at an International level. New entrants can find it easy to enter and establish their position In the market by basing their strategy on low cost. The market offers growth opportunities to new entrants as well Indicating low entry barriers for the firms wanting to enter into the area of office products. Therefore It can be stated that Staples Inc Is operating In an Industry where the threat of new entry Is high. Buyer power The bargaining power of buyers Is determined In an Industry on the basis of the Influence that they can have on the price structure of the products of a firm. In case of organizations manufacturing office related products the issue they are facing is that few of the products that they are manufacturing are easily available in the market, such as stationery items. Staples Inc is dealing with medium organizations and fortune 1000 companies as customers of their products. They need to provide these organizations with a competitive price structure or the customers can shift to another company for the supply of office items. But the company also has an dvantage that it provides them with products that have unique designs and packaging. Therefore it can be stated that Staples Inc is operating in an industry where the customers have moderate bargaining power. Supplier Power There are many suppliers operating in the industry of office supplies and office related products. The large number of suppliers has resulted in low level of bargaining power of suppliers. The companies that are manufacturing the office related products can select the suppliers that offer them the most suitable package. In case of Staples Inc they have strong ties with their suppliers and are taking dvantage from a network of supply parties that maintain the effective flow of raw materials being supplied to the company. Threat of Substitutes There are many companies manufacturing office related products and offering them at a lower cost than the price charged by Staples Inc for their products. This situation has resulted in moderate level of threat of substitutes. In case If an organizations is not satisfied with the price structure offered by Staples Inc for their products, It can opt for other companies which are manufacturing slmllar products and charging less for them. Threat of Competitors The Industry In which Staples Inc Is operating In, It has many small and large scale companies. Therefore the Industry has a high level of threat of competitors. Staples Inc Is dealing with competitors such as Office Depot Inc ; OfficeMax Inc (Staples Inc TOP competitors, 2011). PESTEL Analysis Political Factors The political disturbance in US or in other countries of the world disrupts the supply and manufacturing process of Staples Inc. Other political factors such as changes in tne rules ana pollcles developed Dy OITTerent governments 0T tne world In wnlcn Staples Inc has its stores also have an impact on the profitability of the organization. Economic Factors Financial condition of a country has an influence on the price and purchase of the raw material, manufacturing of the number of products and buying behaviour of the people. Staples Inc also faced problems due to global financial crisis. Abelson (2008) has reported that due to the economic crisis, Staples Inc had to take steps such as decreasing the rate of capital investment for manufacturing of certain products which were facing low demand due to recession. One of the products that were ompromised on during economic downturn was office furniture, as the sales of these products had declined and customers were avoiding the purchase of these items. Social Factors Many organizations around the world have been trying to bring in changes in their set up and to participate in activities that are a reflection of corporate social responsibility. Staples Inc has also been focusing on participating in community building activities to create a positive image in the mind of the consumers. Staples Inc has been trying to share in the process of community development by providing unds for social causes and benefit of the people (What is Staples Soul, 2010). Technological Factors Staples Inc is a supplier of computer related products and also offers after sales services related to these products to the organizations that are their customers. Technological changes and advancements enable the company to bring in necessary modifications and provide its customers with the latest version of the computer and its related accessories. Technological factors have a significant impact on the production of Staples Inc as they can not only develop new product designs but also evelop low cost manufacturing means. Environmental Factors Many organizations around the world have been required to alter their business processes top meet the policies developed by the governments and environmental protection agencies. As stated by the annual report of the company, the Race to the Top strategy applied by the management of the company is a reflection of the efforts they have been putting in to obtain a competitive position in the market through effective business practices and environment friendly products (Staples, Inc Annual Report, 2010). Legal Factors Staples Inc is currently dealing with legal issues related to the lawsuits filed by its employees with the claim that the organization has been indulging in unjust business practices. For instance the company had to manage the case in which claim was made that it was not paying the workers with over time charges (Lawsuits: Staples Inc, 2007). Along with that the company has also been dealing with the patent issues. These issues not only portray a negative image of the company in front of the public but also require capital investment by the company.

United States Agency for International Development Africa

United States Agency for International Development Africa William H Goss As the process of globalization inexorably ties nations, regions, and continents into a greater interconnected web of interaction, the recognition emerges that the condition of a particular geopolitical location is bound to the condition of the world as a whole. Conflict, poverty, and disease in one country may have negative consequences for another despite great spatial distance. Conversely, improvements in governance, economics, and public health in even a single city or town may have positive reverberating effects across distant continents. In regions such as sub-Saharan Africa, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) defines specific sectors such as Agriculture and Food Security, Education, Water and Sanitation, Crises and Conflict, and Global Health, and applies specific goals to each one. As a global actor, USAID approaches sub-Saharan African countries in west, east, and south sub-regions as individual cases in need of both immediate and long-term soluti ons for relief and development. USAID’s mission is shaped by the belief that improvements to a broad range of development sectors in Sub-Saharan Africa will enhance the national security of the United States. USAID operates through public-private collaborative efforts that provide financial and technical assistance in distinct but synergistic sectors. USAID is a relatively young governmental agency that has periodically shifted its organization and strategies to achieve evolving goals worldwide. USAID was created by the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, which consolidated existing foreign aid organizations under one agency (Ballantyne Dugan, 2012). From the onset, USAID leaders recognized the connection between international well-being and the well-being of the United States. In 1962 President John F. Kennedy addressed Congress, stating â€Å"Our efforts to help [other nations] help themselves, to demonstrate and strengthen the vitality of free institutions, are small in cost compared to our military outlays for the defense of freedom† (Ballantyne Dugan, 2012). Countries in sub-Saharan Africa have been a focus of USAID since its inception, and have become increasingly emphasized in recent times. In the 1960’s, USAID offered assistance in thirty-one sub-Saharan African countries in order to improve levels of education , agricultural productivity, and rural road development (Ballantyne Dugan, 2012). Today, there is a multifaceted USAID plan for forty-two countries in the region (U.S. Agency for International Development, 2015). The region of Sub-Saharan Africa, massive in terms of size and environmental, ethnic, and cultural diversity, possesses a complex series of human issues that are influenced by history, geography, and global interactions. Of all the countries in the world, the twenty-two lowest ranking on the Human Development Index a measure of an average citizen’s health, knowledge, and standard of living are all located in Africa (Marston et. al, 2014). European colonialism has left a legacy that continues to challenge African nations. During the 1884-1885 Berlin Conference, European powers created arbitrary boundaries on the African continent that grouped distinct and sometimes hostile ethnic, cultural, and religious populations together (Marston et. al, 2014). The transitions from colonial territories to independent nations were not uniform; instead, some countries developed stable, effective democracies while others are still marred with military dictatorships, corruption, and violence. Changes to infrastructure during Africa’s colonial period are still evidenced by the exportation of cash crops introduced by Europeans, such as tea plantations in Kenya and peanuts in Nigeria and Senegal (Marston et. al, 2014). Dependence upon a small group of agricultural exports, it can be argued, have made many African nations vulnerable to fluctuations in global prices and demand and have likely contributed to low levels economic development. The essence of USAID’s motivation for its actions around the world and in sub-Saharan Africa rests on the premise that U.S. national security is bound to the stability of regions experiencing poverty, conflict, or other social issues. USAID defines itself as â€Å"[..] the lead government agency that works to end extreme global poverty and enable resilient, democratic societies to realize their potential† (U.S. Agency for International Development, 2015). This mission statement is compatible with larger U.S. strategic imperatives in Africa. AFRICOM, a agency of the U.S. Defense department focused on military and strategic objectives in Africa, is one such partner. Sharon Cromer, the Senior Deputy Assistant Administer in USAID’s Bureau for Africa, stated to the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health and Human Rights that â€Å"[†¦] USAID and AFRICOM engagement is mutually supportive of U.S. foreign policy objectives. [†¦] Instability, poverty, and diseas e travel with ease across oceans and borders† (U.S Congress, 2011). Despite the overarching goal of ensured U.S. security, however, USAID is unique from other U.S. governmental bodies in its focus on humanitarian aid in a wide range of categories. The ability to provide reliable sustenance is one of the most primeval combinations of skills and knowledge that enable a population to thrive and develop. But when geographical, ecological and historical factors impede a population’s ability to feed itself, the overall productivity and well-being of society deteriorates. With less than 30% of sub-Saharan African soil able to be cultivated in addition to the devastation that pests like locusts and the Quela bird can wreak on crops African populations have necessarily developed adaptations appropriate for their respective ecological area (Marston .et all, 2014). However, the impacts of colonialism’s emphasis on export crops, as well as the effects of global climate change, have reduced the capacity of agriculture to provide food within the region. One approach USAID has taken in the pursuit of greater food security has been to provide education and technical assistance in the field of agriculture. For example, since th e 1960’s USAID has supported institutions of higher learning such as Egerton College, a Kenyan university that leads the country’s study of agriculture and biotech (Toh, 2012). Another example of USAID’s effort to boost agricultural diversity can be found in developing dairy production in Kenya. Through the 1990’s and 2000’s, financial, technical, and training assistance were provided to the Siongiroi dairy plant, the success of which spurred economic growth in farming, transportation, and exchange (Toh, 2012). Even more immediate in necessity than nutritious food is safe, reliable water for drinking and sanitation. In the midst of violent conflict, access to water can become tenuous at best. Sudan experienced civil war from 1955 to 1972 and 1983 to 1995, killing and displacing millions of people in and around the country (Marston et. al, 2014). Furthermore, the conflict destroyed physical infrastructure and social cohesiveness essential to maintaining utilities. In the recently-independent country of South Sudan, for example, USAID estimates that at least 30% of the population lacks access to safe drinking water and only 13% has the opportunity to use sanitation facilities (U.S. Agency for International Development, 2015). To increase the availability of clean water, USAID has made partnerships with private corporations. In Wau, South Sudan, USAID teams repaired the defunct water-treatment facility and expanded its operations under the Wau Urban Water Corp (U.S. Agency for International De velopment, 2015). Public Health is a particularly salient developmental sector that has profound impacts on individuals, families, and communities in countries and around the world. The current Ebola epidemic in west sub-Saharan Africa has garnered widespread media attention and international responses. Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is caused by four of the five strains of the Ebola virus, which is transmitted through the contact of bodily fluids and is fatal in up to 50% of cases (CDC, 2015). USAID sent a Disaster Assistance Relief Team (DART) to West Africa in August 2014 (U.S. Agency for International Development, 2015). In that month, the number of suspected, probable, and confirmed EVD cases was 1600, with 900 deaths. In April 2015, the total number of EVD cases was 26,277, with 10,884 deaths in the countries of Liberia, Sierra Leon, Guinea, and Mali (U.S. Agency for International Development, 2015). This epidemic constitutes the largest Ebola outbreak in history (CDC, 2015). With such tragically hig h death rates, the fear that the Ebola virus will continue to spread has infected the minds of many citizens and leaders in far away nations, including the United States. In order to combat the threat of a continuing Ebola virus epidemic and to provide relief and stabilization in affected countries, USAID has adopted a multifaceted approach that involves collaboration between other U.S. medical and military agencies, non-governmental organizations, and local people. USAID’s DART to West Africa â€Å"includes staff from [†¦] USAID’s Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA), the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Departments of Defense and Health and Human Services† (U.S. Agency for International Development, 2015). Possessing a large budget and hierarchical structure overseeing specialized task forces, USAID is able to organize the distribution of funding, logistical transport of goods and people, and communication with other groups to achieve a particular goal. A major strength of USAID is its resource base and ability to deliver goods with flexibility, as well as communicate with other supportive organizations. Due to the highly contagious nature of EVD, health care practitioners in affected areas need specialized protective wear such as facemasks, gloves, and aprons to protect themselves from infection. In addition, sanitizing chemicals that can neutralize the virus from the equipment are of paramount necessity. One such chemical is High Test Hypochlorite (HTH), which due to its unstable chemical nature can cause explosions if handled incorrectly. To address this safety hazard, USAID organized the delivery via cargo ship of 53 metric tons of HTH to Guinea and 38 tons to Sierra Leone, which was then distributed by truck to necessary areas (Han, 2015). Logistical assistance such as this contributes to the overall goals of containment and treatment of EVD. In the countries of Sierra Leon, Guinea, and Liberia –which have been the most heavily infected during the Ebola crisis – the dissemination of factual information to the public helps dispel myths that have inadvertently help the disease spread. Such myths held by some Liberians include the belief that the Ebola Virus is a hoax, or that patients who go to treatment clinics are experimented on (Mobula 2014). Such myths can dissuade people who are infected or at risk of infection from seeking treatment and spread the disease to others. In a country with fractured communication systems, it can be difficult to reach the ears of the larger community with clarifying information. USAID has partnered with a NGO called Internews that supports Guinean Journalists to cover stories about Ebola (Han, 2015). Some of the most effective reporting has come from within Ebola treatment centers, where interviews with health care providers, patients, and survivors transmitted via radio help to gain the trust and respect of listening native audiences. One contributing factor to the proliferation of EVD in West African countries has been the overall lack or underdevelopment of health care facilities, trained practitioners, and infrastructure. In Liberia for example, one of USAID’s focuses is to continue to develop public health services even as the number of Ebola patients continues to fall. This action is taken in the belief that future outbreaks of infectious diseases will be better able to be contained. In Liberia, USAID funded a training program that worked with a Johns-Hopkins affiliated organization called Jhpiego to instruct health care workers on proper techniques for treating EVD infected patients while remaining safe themselves (Dale, 2015). The medical knowledge specific to the Ebola virus that has been acquired and spread will also be valuable in a broader public health context. It is difficult to assess completely the complex interactions of agriculture and education, humanitarian conflicts and drinking water access, and public health in a global context. That being said, global actors such as USAID theorize that positive developments in distinct but synergistic sectors will amplify to reach the greater good of all. In sub-Saharan African countries facing social or environmental problems, USAID works to implement immediate and long-term solutions for relief and development. Through public-private collaborative efforts, USAID funds and supplies progressive actions in mutually-supportive sectors of development. Works Cited Ballantyne, J., Dugan, M. (Eds.). (2012). Fifty Years in USAID: Stories From the Front Lines. Arlington Hall Press. Coordinating Africa Policy on Security, Counterterrorism, Humanitarian Operations and Development, House of Representatives, 112th Congress. (2011). Dale, K. (2015, April 6). Moving Beyond Ebola: Rebuilding Liberias Health Care System. Retrieved May 6, 2015, from http://blog.usaid.gov/2015/04/moving-beyond-ebola- rebuilding-liberias-health-care-system/ Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever. (2015, April 14). Retrieved April 18, 2015, from http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/ Han, C. (2015, April 10). How Guinea’s Journalists Are Fighting to Win the War Against Ebola. Retrieved April 26, 2015, from http://blog.usaid.gov/2015/04/how-guineas-journalists- are-fighting-to-win-the-war-against-ebola/ Han, C. (2015, March 10). USAID Takes to the High Seas to Bring Reinforcements to Guinea’s Ebola Fight. Retrieved April 26, 2015, from http://blog.usaid.gov/2015/03/usaid-takes-to- the-high-seas-to-bring-reinforcements-to-guineas-ebola-fight-2/ Mobula, L.M. (2014). Courage is not the absence of fear: responding to the Ebola outbreak in Liberia. Glob Health Sci Pract. 487-489. from:http://www.researchgate.net/publication/271331527_Courage_is_not_the_absence_ of_fear_responding_to_the_Ebola_outbreak_in_Liberia Marston, S., Knox, P., Liverman, D., Del Casino, V., Robbins, P. (2014). World Regions in Global Context (5th ed.). Pearson Education. Onishi, N. (2015, April 11). Empty Ebola Clinics in Liberia Are Seen as Misstep in U.S. Relief Effort. Retrieved April 7, 2015, from http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/12/world/africa/idle-ebola-clinics-in-liberia-are-seen- as-misstep-in-us-relief-effort.html?_r=0 Toh, K. (2012). Long-Term Perspectives on Aid and Development in Africa. Fifty Years in USAID: Stories From the Front Lines. Arlington Hall Press. U.S. Agency for International Development. (2015, May 4). Retrieved May 5, 2015, from http://www.usaid.gov/ United States Africa Command. (n.d.). Retrieved May 2, 2015, from http://www.africom.mil/ Urban, A. (2015, April 15). Working to Beat Ebola Along the Border. Retrieved April 27, 2015, from http://blog.usaid.gov/2015/04/working-to-beat-ebola-along-the-border/

The Apollo Program By Nasa History Essay

The Apollo Program By Nasa History Essay The Apollo program is a space program by NASA which aims to send men to moon. It began in 1961. The goal was accomplished during the Apollo 11 mission, when Neil Armstrong was the first human to step on the moon. The program has many dimensions other than space field and explorations, it has political dimensions too. Apollo program affected the world in many ways and started a space exploration revolution. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sense the beginning of the 17th century, when Galileo took the first close look to the moon using his first telescope, people started dreaming of flying to the outer space and to reach the moon. That dream became real after 3 centuries, when NASA launched Apollo Program. The Apollo program was a project by NASA in the United States. The goal of this project was to land humans on the Moon and bring them back to Earth safely. The idea of getting a human to the Moon started during the Eisenhower administration but it really began in 1961 after President John F. Kennedy declared a national goal of landing a man on the Moon before the end of this decade.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the biggest reasons behind starting this program is the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union in space exploration field. In 1961 and during the cold war, the Soviet Union was the first country to send a man to the outer space in an orbital flight, that man was the Soviet astronaut Yuri Gagarin. After the great achieve of the Soviets, many Americans saw that the United States must win the competition against the Soviet Union.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the 20th of July 1969, the goal was finally accomplished when Neil Armstrong and Buzz Albrin landed on the Moon and returned to Earth safely and that was during the Apollo 11 mission. Between 1969 and 1972, there were a total of six successful landings on the Moon. In these flights, 12 astronauts walked on the Moon and collected around 382 Kgs of  rocks, sand and many other samples to study the geological features of the Moon. The program ended in 1974 with Apollo 17. The Space Race   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Early in 1960 and during the Eisenhower administration, the Apollo program was conceived as a follow-up to the Mercury program which was the program that sent the first American astronaut to the space. The Apollo spacecraft was able to carry three astronauts whereas the Mercury capsule could support only one. NASA manager Abe Silverstein named the program after the Greek god of light and music; he said later   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In November 1960, John F. Kennedy was elected president after he promised in his campaign to put America in superiority over the Soviet Union in space exploration and missile defense field. Despite Kennedys promises, he didnt approve immediately on Apollo program once he became president. Though he knew about some of the technical details, at the same time he was put off by the huge financial commitments. On the 12th of April, 1961, Soviet Union successfully sent Yuri Gagarin to the outer space to become the first human to fly in space. That movement reinforced American fears about losing the space race against the Soviet Union and being left behind in a technological competition. At the same time President Kennedy refused to make any commitments on Americas response to the Soviets. After 8 days on April 20, Vice President Lyndon Johnson received a memorandum from President Kennedy discussing the Americas space program status with him and asking him to find a solution to catch up with the Soviet program. Johnsons respond came out one week later, he concluded He mentioned also that landing humans on the Moon will be achieved by the United States . On the following month, on May 25, 1961, President Kennedy announced his approval and his full support for the Apollo program. He said that through a speech during a special session of Congress. At that time, many of NASA employees doubted whether Kennedys goal could be met. Many people doubted too, because only one American had flown in space. The goal of landing astronauts on Moon before the end of 1969 required an advanced technology, and a huge amount of money to run the program, it was around $24 billion which is the largest commitment of resources ever made by any nation at that time, and to get the work done in less than 10 years, NASA employed 400,000 people to work on Apollo program plus the support of more than 20,000 industrial companies and universities. Apollos mission mode Once Kennedy had announced the national goal, the planners of Apollo mission faced the challenge of designing a flying system with the minimum risks to human life. At the same time they dont want to exceed the limits and spend extra money on designing flights. They came up with four possible mission modes to choose from: Direct Ascent: Its to send the spacecraft directly to the Moon, make it land and return as one unit. To be able to make this kind of missions work efficiently, they have to design a strong launching system and a more powerful booster. Earth Orbit Rendezvous (EOR): In this mode many rockets would be launched, each one of the rockets will be carrying a different part of a Direct Ascent spacecraft and propulsion units to keep the spacecraft moving until it escapes earth orbit. Then the spacecraft will land on the Moon as a unit. Lunar Surface Rendezvous: They would launch two different spacecraft, one is a vehicle with propellants on it, and the other is the manned vehicle. First, the vehicle carrying propellants would land and then the manned vehicle will land later. They would transfer propellant from the first vehicle to the manned vehicle to make it able to go back to Earth. Lunar Orbit Rendezvous (LOR): In this mission mode they would send a main spacecraft and a smaller lunar module to travel together into a lunar orbit. Then the lunar module will independently land on the Moon. When the mission is completed, it returns to the lunar orbit and come again with the main spacecraft. Then the main spacecraft returns to Earth. After studying each mission and testing some of them they came up with some expected results to choose the best mission mode for Apollo program, they decided to go with the Lunar Orbit Rendezvous mode. In the LOR method, astronauts can use the spacecraft as a life boat in case of a failure in the command ship, which is an advantage. On Apollo 13, astronauts faced a problem of oxygen tank failure that caused a cut in the electrical power in the command ship. The Lunar Module provided all the needs to get the crew back to earth safely. Apollo Missions There are two types of Apollo missions: Unmanned missions NASA began preparing for the Apollo program long before they decided to start the manned Apollo missions. In October 1961, they started testing flights of the Saturn I booster and it lasted for around three years until September 1964. In 1963, two tests of the launch escape system at the White Sands Missile Range. After all the tests, NASA sent three unmanned missions, they were Apollo 4, Apollo 5 and Apollo. Manned missions After testing the launching vehicles and making sure that nothing wrong is going to happen to the crew, NASA started the manned missions which carried three astronauts each or sometimes more. The first manned mission on the Apollo program was Apollo 7, launched on October 11, 1968 in an Earth orbital flight; it was to test the Command Module. Many manned missions continued the following years with some successful Moon landings. The last Apollo mission was Apollo 17, launched December 7, 1972. Canceled Missions Apollo 18, Apollo 19 and 20 were originally supposed to be a part of the Apollo program, but those missions had been canceled. In 1968, during the beginning with the election of Richard Nixon, the space program started to lose focus. After Nixon was elected president, he didnt want to continue what Kennedy started and he was not so interested in the space program, in hes opinion, its enough and its the time to stop the space missions because the original goal has accomplished. In 1969 Apollo 20 was canned, and 18 and 19 were dispensed with in 1971.

Why Female Youths Join Gangs :: Youth Gangs Essays

Why Female Youths Join Gangs Female youths join street gangs on the basis of gender conflict, lack of family support and violence in their lives. Through adolescence young females have a much harder time than young males dealing with family, sexuality and the harsh reality of living in the urban ghetto. Young females who must endure these facets of life have little opportunity to succeed. Consequently, these young women turn to a replacement family, a place where they feel they are needed and loved and can escape reality, even if momentarily. This type of place is in the common street gang. Presently, inner city minorities are hopelessly discriminated and isolated from economic opportunity. Young females see society as having nothing to offer young minority women. Neglected communities with high crime and a lack of resources force young females to turn to others in the same situation for support. Thus, they develop an exaggerated sense of belonging and gain excitement lacking in their lives (Chesney-Lind 53). According to Thornberry there are three types of models that account for gang membership: selection model, social facilitation model and enhancement model. Female membership seems to fall into the selection model. The selection model states that gangs only recruit or associate with already delinquent persons (Dukes, Martinez, Stein 143). In 1994 â€Å"females accounted for 24% of all juvenile arrests† (Chesney-Lind 11). Also, female gang members show higher levels of delinquency than non gang members (Curry 12). However, they do not necessarily influence members once in the gang. Such as many researchers have found; once in a gang, female members are not expected to involve themselves in delinquency. Recent estimates of female gang involvement have shown a tremendous increase in female membership. These increases have become great enough to turn researchers attention to female gang members. Studies have shown that ten to thirty eight percent of gang members are female (qtd. in Miller 431). Miller has recognized two different types of female gangs. First, the independent female gang. The independent female gang is completely separate of the male gang. The females make their own set of rules and have decision making powers. Miller’s studies have shown that less than ten percent of female gangs are independent (qtd. in Chesney-Lind 46). Second, the auxiliary gang (qtd. in Curry 105). The auxiliary female gang is the most common and one in which the females are separate from the males in the gang, but are still apart of the whole gang. The males make all the decisions and essentially control the females. These type of female gang groups are, â€Å"an expression of the gender relations and boundaries of society† (qtd.

Physics of Fishing :: Physics Science Fish Fishing

Fishing contains a wide variety of physics. when you cast you are using projectile motion and rotational motion. when you hook a fish it will often use the drag from the current agenst you. Immagine draging a fish through a swift current. You deal with the tention of your line, and the friction of the line through the guides. you also deal with friction when you use a drag. Reels One of the key components of your fishing gear is the reel. http://www.eangler.com/eangler/proshop/reels.asp?shopby=D&dept_id=67&dept_image=reels.gif&pageheading=Reels&JEX=101025 These are spinning reels designed for smaller fish. You would probably use a reels like this for lakes. These reels usually have a series of gears that turn the line collecting devices several times for each crank of the handle. The reel on the left is the simpler design. That design has a stationary spindle and a bar that rotates around it to collect the line. On most models the drag works by a screw on the top of the spindle that applies pressure on the spindle to increase or decrease the friction to allow the spindle to spin if the fish applies enough force to overcome the friction. The problem with this design is that once the fish breaks the static friction the resistance to the fish pulling out line decreases and it is very difficult to change while fighting a fish. the closed faced reels have a small peg inside that catches the line and then spins around the top of the spindle. For this design the reel has a plate that can be moved up and down by a dial on the front. This plate is what controls the drag. The advantage of this method is that it allows you to adjust the drag while you are fishing. This reel is designed for off shore fishing. This real is much larger and is geared so you must crank the handle several times in order to get the spindle to make a complete rotation. A handy thing if you have to haul up a fish that is 50kg or more from the bottom of the ocean. This reel works by turning the spindle while the line feeder remains stationary. The drag works by pushing a plate into the spindle. There is a knob on the side that allows you to increase the pressure on the plate. When setting your drag you must take into account more then line strength. You must also take into account your hook and the strength of the flesh that you are probably hooking into.

School Life and College Life

Correction in marks, f any, should be communicated to the office of CEO in the format prescribed within ten working days after the day of examination of the last theory paper. The marks secured by student in the test examinations before and after addressing the refinance shall be displayed on the department notice board. Page 12 lit) Absentee examination a. For GU Programmer under autonomy Students who remain absent in a Test-I and or Test II examination will be subjected to absentee test after Testes as per the academic calendar.The absentee examination would be for 15 Marks only. A student who remains absent for both Test-I and Test-II would be evaluated for 15 marks only and will lose 15 marks. This provision Is made only for situations In which the absence is either due to the student representing the college in an academic/ co-curricular and extracurricular activities at University r country level or due to reason of illness, death of a near kin, attendance of state or national level competitive exam, placement activities and other circumstances beyond control of the student.To avail this provision, the student is required to apply to the HOOD with recommendation from Course Coordinator with relevant documents. It is the discretion of the HOOD and Course Coordinator to consider application and decide the mode of examination. No student can avail of this provision for both the Test examinations in any one course in a Semester. B. For PIG Programmer under autonomy Students who remain absent in a Test-I and/or Test II examination will be subjected to absentee test after Test-I and/ or Test II within 10 working days of the end of test examination.This provision is made only for situations in which the absence is either due to the student representing the college in an academic/ co- curricular and extracurricular activities at University, State or country level or due to reason of illness, death of a near kin, attendance of state or national level competitive e xam, placement activities and other circumstances beyond control of the student. To Vail of this provision, the student is required to apply to the HOOD with recommendation from Course Coordinator with relevant documents.It is the discretion of the HOOD and Course Coordinator to consider application and decide the mode of examination. No student can avail of this provision for both the Test examinations in any one course in a Semester. ‘v) Assessment of Internal marks for theory courses Test-I – 15 marks Test-II – 15 marks Attendance – 4 marks Teacher's assessments – Two assessments of 3 marks each (The mode of teachers' assessment shall be declared by individual course teacher on the dates specified in the Academic Calendar). Total continuous assessment marks for theory course – 40 marks.Teachers Assessment a. B. C. D. Teacher's assessment of students' performance of 6 marks shall be done on the basis of modes such as home assignments, tutor ials, open book tests, seminars, group discussions, projects, quizzes etc. The course coordinator shall declare the mode(s) chosen for each course, within the date prescribed by the Dean Academics. In case a course is being taught by more Page 13 than one subject teacher, the modes for teacher's assessment may be declared by the respective teacher, section wise.A student who skips teacher's assessment or a part thereof shall be awarded zero marks under the respective head. Vi) Assessment of continuous assessment of marks for practical courses A student shall be evaluated for his/her academic performance in a practical course on the basis of continuous evaluation and End Semester Practical Examination. Vii) Marking for continuous evaluation of practical courses may be done based on the following parameters a. Journal completion b. Performance in each practical c.Internal Practical Examination d. Viva-Voce Total marks for continuous evaluation of practical courses: 25 marks. The cours e coordinator in consultation with Chairman Board of Studies and the respective course teacher shall declare the allocation of marks in the parameters as applicable within the date prescribed in the academics calendar. In case of performance oriented practical, the evaluation shall be done on the basis to performance in practical examination and viva-voce/bob]active test.Mode of examination for non-performance type of practical shall be declared by the course coordinator in the beginning of the session. Type of practical course I. E. Performance type or non performance type shall be decided by the respective ASS. The seminar shall be evaluated through the quality of work carried out, the report submission and presentation's as per the guidelines prescribed by the respective BOSS from time to time. Project work shall be evaluated by mid-term seminar's, the quality of work carried out, project report submission and the viva-voce examination.Notwithstanding contained in above, any spec ific norms in respect of examination, criterion of passing, results, valuation, grading, discipline, award of degree, attendance will be prepared by the respective departmental faculty board, approved by BOSS and Academic Council, if required. Iii) Attendance: The attendance of the students in theory classes should be encouraged. 4 marks are allotted for attendance. The distribution of Attendance marks is as given in Table 1 below. Table 1: Distribution of marks on Attendance S. No. 1 23 4 Attendance % ;=75 or ;75 or or ; 65 Awarded Marks 4 3 2 1 a.All the students are expected to be present in every lecture, tutorial, practical, NC / INS / SSP / Games ; Sports / Yoga scheduled for them. Attendance will be closely monitored during a semester as per the guidelines. Page 14 b. If a student is continuously absent from the classes for more than four seeks without informing the Course Coordinator, the Coordinator shall immediately bring it to the notice of First Year Coordinator/ the Hea d of the concerned department as the case may be and they in turn will inform the same to the Office of Dean Academics. . A student must have a minimum attendance of 60 % of the total number of classes including lectures/ tutorials, held in a course individually in order to become eligible for appearing Test I and Test II examinations in such course's, failing which he/she will be declared not eligible for appearing in the said examination in such course's and will be awarded zero marks.Attendance granted to the student for the period of the related activity/ event shall not be considered while calculating minimum attendance. Minimum physical presence of the student of the total number of classes including lectures/ tutorials, held in a course is compulsory for being eligible for appearing Test I and Test II examinations. D.The names of the students who have remained absent, for more than 25% of the actual classes held in a course will be intimated by the Course Coordinator himself on the last teaching day of each month of the respective semester, to the students in the lass with written intimation to the HOOD / First Year Coordinator, who will arrange to consolidate the list for all such students for all the courses and display it on the notice board of the department with an intimation to Dean Academics. E. A student must have an overall 75 % attendance of the total number of classes including lectures/ tutorials and practical. F.Student is not permitted to appear for the End Semester Examination if the shortfall of attendance exists. His/her registration for that semester will be treated as cancelled, and he/she shall be awarded ‘Z' grade in that semester. This grade shall appear in the grade card till the successful completion to course requirements in that semester. Ix) Connotation to Attendance: Those students who have more than 75% attendance for the period other than their medical leave be considered for connotation of attendance provided their o verall attendance in a course including the period of illness does not fall below 60%.A student has to apply for leave on medical grounds to the Head of concerned department and such application shall be accompanied with a medical certificate from a registered medical practitioner and endorsed by parent's or guardian. However the decision in this matter will be finally taken by the Principal. Records keeping: All the records of attendance in Test Examinations, Question papers, valued answer sheets, summary of marks sheets, and display of marks should be properly maintained for academic monitoring.

Pain Management

PAIN MANAGEMENT WITH THE CORRECT TOOLS Lorin Fernandez TESC Health Assessment NUR-416 Dr. Pamela S. Card February 24, 2013 Introduction Cancer patients, end of life patients, patients with chronic diseases, and patients with a simple complaint of pain are all entitled to the best pain management available for their specific needs. This topic is of particularly important for nursing professionals who need to have the knowledge to adequately assess and manage a patient’s pain with the correct tools in the various clinical settings.Pain is not one dimensional; author Hughes presents a detailed article describing all three chronic pain syndromes that are relevant to palliative care. Authors Arbour and Gelinas provide a glimpse into the implementation of the newly created Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT). Arbour, C. , & Gelinas, C. (2011, December). Setting Goals For Pain Management When Using A Behavioral Scale: Example With The Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool. Criti cal Care Nurse, 31(6), 66-68. ttp://dx. doi. org/Ebscohost The article presents the new implementation of the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT). The CPOT was developed to help critical care nurses recognize pain in their critical nonverbal patients. The tool has been developed to help the healthcare provider assess the patient’s pain through a whole body assessment. The table incorporates a facial expression marker, body movement, ventilator assessment, and muscle tension evaluation.The scores are rated from 0 to 2 in each category with a total score from 0 to 8. The behavioral observational tool has been shown to be effective in helping nurses discriminate between pain and other states of anxiety or fear. Hughes, I. D. (2012, July). Assessment and management of pain in older patients receiving palliative care. Advanced illness, 24(6), 23-29. http://dx. doi. org/EbsCohost Palliative by definition is relieving pain or alleviating a problem without dealing with the und erlying cause.Patients in need of palliative care for the most part have a poor prognosis due to active progressive, advance disease. Author Hughes presents nursing to play a key role in palliative care because of the interaction with patients in their daily routine. Author Hughes also points how important it is to have a knowledgeable nursing staff that can properly aid patients in their time of need. Conclusion In essence the primary goal of palliative care is to achieve the best quality of life for patients utilizing pain management and holistic care to achieve patient comfort.Both palliative and critical care settings utilize the three definitions of pain syndromes for pain management. Both palliative and critical care use their own set of tools specially designed to help aid in the treatment of their particular patient population. This author found the articles provided insight into two completely different therapeutic areas for which the primary goal is to properly treat, asse ss, and holistically manage patient’s pain. References Arbour, C. , & Gelinas, C. (2011, December). Setting Goals For Pain Management When Using A Behavioral Scale:Example With The Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool. Critical Care Nurse, 31(6), 66-68. http://dx. doi. org/Ebscohost Hughes, I. D. (2012, July). Assessment and management of pain in older patients receiving palliative care. Advanced illness, 24(6), 23-29. http://dx. doi. org/EbsCohost