Literacy & Education Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Literacy & Education - Annotated Bibliography Example The objective of the No Child Left Behind Act has been received with mixed feeling among the American society. While some support the legislation, others have vehemently opposed it as regards its impacts on schools. According to the author of this book, many people have narrow comprehension of the content and scope of the NCLB. This book lays a platform for better understanding of the contents and operation of the NCLB. No Child Left Behind’s main objective is â€Å"to improve the reading level of American students† (41). In this book, the authors present a research analysis including several countries to demonstrate and justify that higher education levels promotes national income growth. In their bid to ascertain if education quality improves per capita income, they use the data they obtained from each country. According to the authors, high quality education results into low child mortality rate. The authors argue that education quality significantly influences the number of years one stays in school in open economies compared with closed

Breton Woods Monetary System, Oil Embargo and International Political Essay

Breton Woods Monetary System, Oil Embargo and International Political Economy - Essay Example Furthermore, scholars utilize a mixture of empirical data and theories to arrive at an understanding of IPE at different points in time. This essay looks into the major events that had an impact on the International Political Economy or simply International Relations, namely, the Breton Woods Monetary System and the Oil Embargo of 1973. Discussion What was the Bretton Wood Monetary System (BWMS)? The process of monitoring the exchange rates between the dollar and other foreign currencies by World Bank (WB) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and lending reserve money supply for developing nations, wherein the US dollars were linked to gold with $ 1 equals 35 oz. of gold, was well known as the BWMS. In nearly 150 pages the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) publicized the history of Bretton Woods, from its origin to its demise, and concluded by saying (1992, p. 61) â€Å"The defects and dramatic collapse of Bretton Woods have discouraged nations from seeking to restore a system like it.† The system collapsed as soon as the dollar link to gold was severed and instead, the value of foreign currencies was made to float against the US dollar. It derived its name from the American resort where a conference of national economic leaders agreed on a plan to reconstruct out of the war damages, by following the international monetary rules. 730 delegates from 44 nations then allied with the USA and UK had agreed to link the foreign exchange (FX) rates to the dollar which corresponded to a gold standard value. The international transactions were then aimed to reconstruct countries damaged by World Wars. They decided to fix the FX rates against the dollar. The currency of each country was given a par value against the dollar. They agreed on not allowing the foreign currencies to float and to maintain adequate supply of monetary reserves and to avoid any economic warfare. FX currency should not be controlled to regulate purchases or sales of currencies intended for trade of goods and services. As for the purpose of having a forum wherein members can vote on certain decisions pertaining to the monetary rules, the USA maintained a veto power. By August 15, 1971, seeing that dollars were headed towards a proportion which could not be backed by gold, the standard of convertibility of the dollar to gold was suspended. Both the par value and gold standard ended. That was the end of the Breton Woods Monetary System. Currencies of industrial countries were made to float for consideration during FX transactions. In place of gold standard value of the dollar, the basis became whatever promises were made by the government. The events after Britton Woods saw USA and UK suffering in terms of deficits in its Balance of Payments and high unemployment rates. This has made economists suggest that the economic system should once again be created or modified similar to the way it was done when the Bretton Woods Monetary System began. But there have been major changes in the world market, particularly the rising prices of oil which caused great damages

Sex, Drugs, and the Fear of Secular Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sex, Drugs, and the Fear of Secular Music - Essay Example The Christian issue of secular music cycles through society’s collective imagination with a precision worthy of the passing of the seasons. Each new generation brings with it a musical style that invokes fear and disgust among the existing Christian traditionalists. Vulgar lyrics and obscene choreography invites the question of whether Christians should be listening to secular music. Yet, no one can adequately define â€Å"secular† in reference to music, and the Bible offers little, if any guidance. There are Christian concerts with a floor show that makes â€Å"Black Sabbath† look like Sesame Street, while a Yo Yo Ma cello solo is labeled secular because it’s played at a Super Bowl half time show. It’s important to note that there can be a spiritual lesson in even the most crass music, just as lessons are learned from Christianity’s violent past. Even if it could be defined, there is no requirement for Christians to deny themselves all secul ar activities. Christians need to move beyond trying to label music, accept it that we learn about sin from the sinners, and in this world of diverse secular activities Christians should be listening to secular music.

Strategic Human Resouce Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic Human Resouce Management - Essay Example The paper tells that a key component of any working and successful company is a fully established human resource department. This department has the sole responsibility to ensure the provision of the essential component of entrepreneurship, which is labor. The human resource department has the concern to establish organizational activity of bettering the overall performance of the personnel working in the organization. Management in its broad terms entails a critical review of the developments in the company or firm to establish the sections that affect the company growth Thus, with respect to the current developments in Cop Motor Vehicle manufacturers the observable decline in sales, in addition to other internal factors reflecting in Cop Motor Vehicle manufacturers need agent redress from the management. The firm deals with the production of vehicle brands and spare parts. The responsibility to make the key decisions regarding this firm rests on the position of CEO. However, the de cisions that affect the human resources in the firm requires essential evaluation from the human resource department, to establish the measures to address the cause of the decline in sales and losses the firm is facing. Notably, the developments are forcing the CEO of Cop Motor Vehicle manufacturers to take drastic measures on the programs established by the human resource management department to develop the workforce for better performance of the firm. However, before taking such a measure, it is essential to evaluate the consequential impact of this decision on the firm and its eventual performance. This entails evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of the decision to cut on the expenditures of the company on employee training and development, as well as, the other elements associated with the decision. Cop Motor Vehicle manufacturers have over 40 hands-on employees, 4 supervisors, and heads of the various departments, in addition to Chief Executive Officer. The stakes in t he training program entail the various sponsors for the training, the development managers and the clients who are the employees. In this case, Cop Motor Vehicle manufacturers rely significantly on the role and input of the employees in the production process. Therefore, it is notable that sales decline are a result, which most likely emanates from the employees directly.

Candidate Cancer Meiosis Genes Literature review

Candidate Cancer Meiosis Genes - Literature review Example Some X-chromosome and non-X-chromosome CTAs expressed in normal cells apart from testis and in cancerous cells Literature Review 1. Introduction Carcinogenesis is a complex and multistage process. Cancer is difficult to treat and it is important to detect it early so that therapeutic and surgical strategies can be developed to treat cancer. However, it often happens that by the time the symptoms of cancer are detected in a person, the disease is already at a late stage and it becomes difficult to treat the person at that time. Also, the cancers do not only vary between tissue types but also between patients. Moreover, the cells in a tumor are a complex and diverse mix of cells that have different characteristics. Hence, identifying, detecting and treating cancer becomes difficult because of the heterogeneous nature of the disease and its symptoms. At this juncture what is needed is that such a technology should be developed through which cancer cells can be easily detected or demarke d with markers that are specific to cancer cells. This will help filter cancerous from noncancerous cells because of which it will become easier to detect cancer from a heterogeneous mix of cells. At the moment, high-quality biomarkers or molecular targets that are specific to cancer cells are lacking. The search for such molecules is thus under high significance in the scientific community. A few molecules or antigenic biomarkers have already been identified. One such group of antigens that are gene-encoded are cancer testis antigens (CTAs). CTAs under normal circumstances are present in the testes only because their genes are expressed in the testes. These genes are not expressed elsewhere. Research has shown that some of these genes that are only expressed in the testes are also expressed in other somatic cells when they become cancerous tumor cells. The cells in the testes often escape the cells of immune system, because of which they are protected from antibodies that are direc ted towards cancer-testis antigens. Because of this reason, it is a good option to use immunological therapies for diagnosing CTAs in cancerous somatic cells as the same antigens in the normal cells of the testes will remain unaffected. Therefore, it can be said that CTAs are good targets for both diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, and also immunological-based therapies like adoptive therapeutics. The number of CTA genes that can be used for diagnosis is less because many of these genes are also expressed in a few normal somatic cells. Some candidate CTA genes are generally turned on during the meiotic programme. These are called meiCT or CM genes. As the present research is based on these genes, this literature review will focus on these genes which are CM genes. In the review, the first discussion is on cancer. It is an introduction to cancer, describing the causes and stages of cancer and then moving on to hallmarks of cancer.

Different opinions about what is psychology Essay

Different opinions about what is psychology - Essay Example But psychologists do experiments and make observations which others can repeat; they obtain data, often in the form of quantitative measurements, which others can verify. This scientific approach is very different from forming opinions on the basis of individual experience or arguing from premises that no one can test. As a science psychology is systematic. But one of the major aspects of science that is measurement is not possible in most of the situations. Psychological studies cannot be measured directly by physical scales. Even then we can often design our experiments and arrange our observations so that we can use physical measures of space and time to tell us about psychological events. Thus, fundamental differences in viewpoints show up in the very definition of psychology and in ideas about what psychology should study and how. Such differences and the arguments as they spark can make psychology a lively field indeed. In the history of psychology, strong differences of opinion about what psychology should study and how it should do it were represented by schools of psychology-groups of like-minded psychologists, which formed around influential teachers who argued for one viewpoint or other. Psychology as a separate area of a study split away from philosophy around 100 years back is captured in William James famous textbook of 1890, the principles of psychology. James Wundt & the other psychologists of the time thought of psychology as the study of mind. In the decades of the twentieth century, psychologists came to hold quite different views about the nature of mind and the best ways to study it. About the same time, fundamental questions were raised about what should be studied in psychology: should psychology be the study of mind, should it study behavior or should both mind and behavior is included Different influential psychologists of the time held quite different views on the nature of mind and the proper subject matter for psychology. The prominent schools of psychology may be categorized as Structuralism, Gestalt, Functionalism, Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis. Structuralism: Around the ideas of mind, structuralisms thought as in chemistry, a first step in the study of the mind should be a description of the basic or elementary, units of sensation, image and emotion, which compose it. The main method used by the structuralists to discover these elementary units of mind was introspection. Subjects were trained to report as objectively as possible what they experienced in connection with a certain stimulus, disregarding the meanings they had come to associate with that stimulus. These experiments using introspections have given us a great deal of information about the kinds of sensations people have, but other psychologists of the challenged the idea that the mind could be understood by finding its elements and the rules for combining them. Still the others turned away from describing the structure of the mind to study how the mind functioned. Gestalt psychologists maintained that the mind should be thought of as resulting from the whole pattern of sensory activity and the relationships and organizations within this pattern. According to Gestalt psychologists, the mind is best understood in terms of the ways elements are organized. Functionalists did experiments on the ways in which learning, memory, problem solving and motivation help people and animals adapt to

Theories of Gender and development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theories of Gender and development - Essay Example Emphasis will also be made to shade light on some of the critiquing approaches to development. This will be done in comparison to the effect of colonial masters in their application of mode of production as a bench mark to the contemporary culture. â€Å"†¦revealing the workings of power and the capitalist mode of production† (Smith 84). Women have for a long time been undermined in most nations. The gender discrimination has been felt by most women in the society with severity varying from country to country and from time to time. For instance, in India, according to the census conducted in 1972, about 94% of women were either employed in the informal sectors working in farms and handicrafts or remained at home taking care of the family. Because early crusaders for women equality were not vocal enough in ensuring that women were given equal opportunity in matters of employment, women accepted the existence of the initial development initiative without question. Therefore , the WID approach did little to improve the social and economic status of women. The situation has however improved given the fact that society has began to recognize women in matters development. In its approach, the WID has very much concentrated on working with women by empowering them by offering development opportunities to them through work related approaches so that women can concentrate less on home based economic activities and concentrate more on income generating activities (D'Agostino and Levine 34). Whereas Women in Development approach focuses on empowering women through self reliance projects and gender identity, Gender Development draws its focus on the gender perspective where the social and economic roles are looked at from the gender perspective rather than from the sexist approach. Gender analysis approach with respect to Gender and Development, however, explains how development projects can be pushed in the society so that focus is not placed on women alone but rather on the relationships between men and women. This approach is however not very much different from the initial WID approach, the difference lies in the integration of women in development projects without isolation. This incorporation of women and men in economic development is essential to ensure that as men make yards of progress in their areas of income, women also do the same. This focus in relationship between men and women is useful at the family level. For example, if I am married and own a handcart that I use for transportation, I shall have relieved my wife of the cost, energy and time for transporting, say her goo ds to the market. This is what Gender Development advocates for. In totality, I believe the Gender Development approach has advantage over the WID approach because of the pattern it follows in the integration of women in activities that are male dominated so that both can help in matters of national development instead of putting much weight on women alone. It is the Gender Development that has gained recognition worldwide and most nations are enthusiastic in adopting it so as to improve on the per capita income of the citizen. WID has rather decided to remain relevant by advocating for what women can do in order to promote development (Razavi and Miller 19). However, there have emerged various critiques to the GAD and the WID approaches by various scholars